Newborn Well-being and Environmental Quality: From Smoke to Domestic Pollutants

During pregnancy, exposure to tobacco smoke represents a significant risk factor for maternal-fetal health. Toxic substances found in smoke, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, easily cross the placental barrier, reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. This can lead to serious consequences such as miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction.

In newborns exposed to smoke in utero, the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), respiratory diseases, and neurological development disorders is increased. Even passive smoke exposure after birth has harmful effects, impairing lung function and increasing the incidence of respiratory infections, middle ear infections, and asthma. Quitting smoking during pregnancy is therefore a crucial measure to protect the baby’s health and ensure a favorable intrauterine environment for development.

Complementary Feeding and Water Quality

During the introduction of complementary feeding, infants are particularly sensitive to the quality of food and water. The immaturity of the enzymatic and immune systems, combined with greater exposure per unit of body weight, increases vulnerability to contaminants and pathogens.

For this reason, it is essential to:

• Boil water for at least 3 minutes before using it to prepare baby food and formula, to eliminate bacteria (Escherichia coli, Listeria, Salmonella) and viruses (Norovirus, Rotavirus).
• Monitor water quality, avoiding sources potentially contaminated with nitrates, heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury), pesticides, and microplastics, as they can negatively impact neurological and metabolic development.

Quality of the Domestic Environment

The environment in which the newborn lives plays a crucial role in their health. The respiratory and immune systems of infants, still under development, make them especially susceptible to indoor pollutants.

Cooking and Ventilation

During cooking, especially with gas stoves, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particles (PM2.5) can be released. An efficient kitchen hood with adequate extraction reduces the accumulation of these harmful compounds, protecting the infant from potential respiratory irritation, asthma, and allergies.

Paints and Coatings

Synthetic paints may contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like benzene and formaldehyde, which release vapors for weeks. It is advisable to use water-based paints certified for low VOC emissions to ensure a healthier environment.

Fragrances and Deodorizers

Many air fresheners contain phthalates and chemical solvents that may act as endocrine disruptors. It is preferable to avoid them or replace them with natural essential oils, used in moderation and in well-ventilated spaces.

Toys, Stuffed Animals, and Plastic Materials

Everyday objects such as stuffed animals and plastic utensils can also contain harmful substances. Stuffed toys tend to accumulate dust, mites, and mold and may be treated with azo dyes, flame retardants (PBDEs), or phthalates. It is advisable to choose certified, washable products made from natural materials.

Carpets and Air Quality

Carpets and rugs, while providing comfort, can be a significant source of indoor pollutants, especially for children who spend a lot of time on the floor. The main risks include:

• Fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5): accumulates in carpets and can be easily inhaled.
• Allergens: dust mites, mold, pet dander, and pollen concentrate in fabrics.
• Chemical substances:
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): released from synthetic carpet materials and cleaning products, may irritate airways and affect the central nervous system.
  • Flame Retardants (PBDEs, TCEP): used in fire-treated carpets, are endocrine disruptors that can interfere with hormonal development in early childhood.
  • Pesticides and Heavy Metals: carpets can accumulate pesticide residues and traces of heavy metals.